The way your muscles respond to exercise training can depend largely on the availability of amino acids from protein.
This is why athletes are accustomed to guzzling down whey protein within the first couple of hours after their workouts to accelerate muscle gains and recovery. That time frame has been called the post-exercise “protein window.”
However, recent studies have suggested that an adaptive response post-exercise could last a lot longer than originally thought and can be affected by timing of protein intake. A new area of research has to do with looking at overnight protein synthesis and its response to dietary protein before sleep, which is the subject of a recent review by Maastricht University researchers.
The review’s authors John Trommelen and Luc van Loon discuss their recent work evaluating overnight muscle protein synthesis rates and suggest that taking a greater dose of protein, around 40 grams or more, before sleep could improve gains and recovery after resistance exercise.
Improving Recovery Overnight
Because overnight sleep is generally the longest time the body goes without food, it’s also the time when muscle protein synthesis rates are low. Scientists have thought that these low rates are due to unavailability of plasma amino acids. But by consuming extra protein before sleep, athletes could assist in avoiding any delay in muscle reconditioning.
Previously, studies have suggested that a 20- to 30-gram dose of protein taken at bedtime didn’t appear to increase muscle protein synthesis by any significant degree leading to speculation that the digestive system may have trouble properly absorbing protein during sleep. However, in a proof-of-principle study, van Loon’s lab administrated a protein mixture through a nasal feeding tube during overnight sleep and learned that not only does the body properly digest and absorb amino acids from protein, but there’s a clear increase in muscle protein synthesis rates.
In a follow-up study, van Loon provided subjects with either 40 grams of pre-sleep protein or a placebo drink immediately prior to sleep. He measured a strong increase (an approximate 22 percent higher rate) in overnight muscle protein synthesis in the subjects who consumed pre-sleep protein.
The research suggests that there also exists a dose-response relationship between pre-sleep protein and muscle protein synthesis overnight. By using the right dose of protein before bed, athletes could also quicken recovery, beyond ingesting protein during the immediate post-exercise “protein window” recovery period.
The type of exercise matters when trying to maximize muscle protein synthesis overnight. The authors write that “pre-sleep protein ingestion with resistance-type exercise represents a more effective strategy to further enhance overnight skeletal muscle protein synthesis rates and increases the efficiency by which dietary protein is used for muscle protein accretion.”
The Correct Type of Protein for Pre-Sleep
Protein can have varying effects on muscle protein synthesis depending on the source. According to the researchers, “Ingestion of a single bolus of whey protein has been shown to stimulate muscle protein synthesis rates to a greater degree than casein [milk protein] when assessed over periods up to six hours.”
The authors attribute whey protein’s benefits to its more rapid digestion along with its higher content of leucine. Leucine as a branched-chain amino acid acts as a trigger for stimulating muscle protein synthesis.
A mixture of rapidly digestible sources of protein including whey with slower digestible sources such as milk casein, cooked eggs, chicken, or steak is thought by the authors as potentially having the greatest benefit for those looking to benefit from pre-sleep protein for muscle recovery.
Because muscle protein synthesis is generally low overnight during sleep, despite when 20 grams of protein are consumed, the authors also recommend at least 40 grams of dietary protein consumed at night for greatest effect.
“Overnight sleep has emerged as a novel window of opportunity to modulate muscle protein metabolism,” Trommelen and van Loon conclude. “Pre-sleep protein ingestion represents an effective dietary strategy to stimulate both the acute and long-term skeletal muscle adaptive response to resistance type exercise training.”
Reference
Trommelen J & van Loon JC. Pre-Sleep Protein Ingestion to Improve the Skeletal Muscle Adaptive Response to Exercise Training. Nutrients 2016, 8(12), 763.
